advances in glazing materials essays

advances in glazing materials essays Current Options In Widows Energy Efficiency 5 Understanding How Energy Moves Through Windows 5 Tomorrows Options for More Efficient Windows 8 1. How energy flows through windows: Radiation 6 2. How energy flows through windows: Convection ..............................................6 3. How energy flows through windows: Conduction..............................................7 4. Three Routes to Switchable Windows. 10 Until recently, clear glass was the primary glazing material used in windows. Although glass is durable and allows a high percentage of sunlight to enter buildings, it has very little resistance to heat flow. During the past two decades, though, glazing technology has Research and development into types of glazing have created a new generation of materials that offer improved window efficiency and performance for consumers. While this new generation of glazing materials quickly gains acceptance in the marketplace, the research and development of even more efficient technologies continues. Gas Fill A heavier-than-air gas such as argon or krypton is used to fill the space between panes to slow heat transfer. Glazing The glass and/or plastic in a window unit that provides visibility yet blocks air leakage and some of the heat flow. Infrared Radiation Invisible radiation that humans perceived as heat. Low-e Coating Low-emissivity (low-e) coatings on glass surfaces reflect heat energy, but transmit visible light. Pyrolytic (Hard Coat) Low-e Durable metal oxides that are fused into the surface of window glass. Sputtered (Soft Coat) Low-e A coating on the inside pane of window glass in a sealed unit. It is made of reflective metal deposited in a vacuum. R-Value A measure of a windows resistance to heat flow. Total Solar Transmittance The total amount of all light spectra that is admitted by t...

Society Goes Pop essays

Society Goes Pop essays In the realm of the music industry, pop music reigns. It seems as if every week another pop star is born, and true music lovers observe these teenage sensations and ask what makes this guy or girl so much different from all the others? This is a question no one can really answer, because in the last decade or so there has been no difference. Pop music does not change. But this is where it gets interesting. Its not even about the music anymore. When listeners here pop music, they can automatically associate the genre with good looking teenage kids who may be able to carry out a note or two. This association sparks controversy. And controversy creates problems. Rarely do pop stars play instruments, and most are not very good vocalists. So, what does it take? What exactly does it take to become a pop star? It no longer matters if you have a good voice or any musical talent at all for that matter. In reality, you need no talent. If you have a bright smile and sex appeal, yo u are a potential pop star. Due to the medias superficial advertisement and lacking creativity of pop music, it cannot truly be appreciated let alone held on a pedestal above musicians trying to fulfill their dreams playing their own music and doing it well. American Idol. Everybodys eyes light up when they hear those words. Well allow me to share a personal account of the mayhem that this show became. I went over to my girlfriends house where her and her girlfriends were watching American Idol. Upon arrival, I stood at the front door, knocking for about fifteen minutes, and finally went around to the side and jumped up, banging on the window in order to break the trance this show had put on the group of girls. They did not even notice me knocking at the door which was directly next to the room they were all in. I walked in and no one even talked to me because they were so involved in thi...

Lancome Brand Management in China & USA Dissertation

Lancome Brand Management in China & USA - Dissertation Example Existing surveys about Lancome were utilized to discover the differences in customer acceptance in the two countries. To countercheck the findings of surveys, online articles, annual reports of L’Oreal, the mother company of Lancome, and other reading materials were considered as references. Primary survey of 20 Chinese respondents and 20 American respondents revealed the impact or brand management, brand equity, and brand equity value in terms of 65% of total demand for luxury cosmetics among the Chinese and 50% for the Americans. Findings showed that other than differences in preferences about what is considered beautiful and the differences in attitude as well as behavior of consumers with regards to luxury cosmetics, indeed the brand management theory is practiced in both countries. It states people value quality, consistency with good experiences with a product, and would also appreciate gaining added value from the same brand. Its value is initially gained from discoveries of risks with using the product. Since there are more competitors in the USA which are also branded and known to be safe and the market is saturated, Lancome in the USA faces price competition, whereas in China, due to less competitors that are known to be similarly safe cosmetics and many more cities do not have such a quality cosmetic, Lancome China has been growing faster in spite of the much higher prices of its products. Lancome cosmetics in the USA are known as Privilege Cosmetics while in China, it is a luxury with the best quali ty – safest to use, best value, consistent and predictable with the many years of its existence. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background Globalization of businesses and the need for developed countries to look for new markets have been challenging marketing managers to find ways and means to penetrate economies for quality products to be appreciated, accepted, and established. One effective way has been brand marketing. France, the home of Lancome brand managed by its mother company L’Oreal, had formulated this luxury cosmetics since 1935. It was Armand Petitjean who invented it while L’Oreal decided to own it by 1964. The success of this brand in the world market has reaped for the company $5.5 billion worth of brand value, according to Forbes (2012). Lancome was named # 75 most powerful brand covering all products worldwide. As of 2012, its sales total had reached $ 3.8 billion. L’Oreal brand is # 25. Avon is # 70. These three are under the same consumer packaged goods industry. Lancome has outperformed Avon in China through brand marketing management strategies since Avon is more on direct selling which is said to be â€Å"25% about the brand and 75% about the sales channel† (Kowitt 2012, par. 9). In North America, L’Oreal’s Clarisonic cosmetic brand experienced a â€Å"double-digit growth† in 2012 (L’Oreal 2012). 1.2 Objectives The overall aim is to prove that the principles in brand

Field Inventory Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Field Inventory Assignment - Essay Example This essay stresses that different activities happen in this holy and secular places. For instance, the altar is holy, and it where the priest stands when presiding over the mass and all the Bible readings take place there. On the other hand, the unholy place is used for sitting and no serious activity takes place. In addition, in the altar and other holy places are religious objects, including crosses and sculptures of martyrs. These religious art objects to play different roles in the congregation and the Catholic Church, in general. For instance, the arts of martyrs remind the congregation the importance of faith. The cross reminds them of the death of Jesus Christ, who is also their Savior. This paper makes a conclusion that members of the congregation are expected to sing with others, pay attention and quiet as well as to keep a distance from holy places within the church. These rules come from the Catholic doctrine formed a long time ago at the beginning of Christianity. They are presented to Catholics through an initiation process known as catechism. During my time at the church, the priest discussed singing as an ethical principle as he encouraged people to sing. The project affected the author's understanding of Christianity and the society he is part because people do not pray the same. There are different forms of prayers as evidenced it the church he attended. Therefore, he has come to realize that we are different in terms of the way we conduct prayer services even though we come from the same society.

Censorship, The First Amendment, and Free Speech Essay - 2

Censorship, The First Amendment, and Free Speech - Essay Example Regulation of the general speech is censorship but regulation of evil and illegal speech is not censorship. The government should control some internet content such as hate sites, excessive violence, pornography and misuse of chat rooms (Kagan 12-46). The first step of controlling and regulating internet content is by proper enforcement of National laws. Laws are important since they are effective in controlling the harmful content in the internet. For example, the Communications Decency Act (CDA) and the Child Online Protection Act (COPA) efficiently help in regulating harmful internet content to children. The government should also pass a bill which restricts contents such as pornography, misuse of chat rooms, information stimulating excessive violence and hate sites (Akdeniz 2-12). Pornography is the major evil element in the internet. According to the annual review of Online Computer Library Centre (2001), there were about 74000 websites containing â€Å"adult content† which were generating more than $1 billion as a profit. Despite the wide-spread of pornographic material in the internet, most of them are legal except the child pornography, bestiality, sadomasochism and necrophilia. Therefore, the government should establish laws that restrict adults from holding or viewing pornographic materials (Akdeniz 2-12). The law should also ensure that internet users do not misuse chat rooms. The government law should restrict the hate sites and ban their creation in the internet. R v Graham case of 1999 is an example of how government can regulate internet content through the enforcement of the law. Secondly, the government can regulate and control the harmful and illegal internet content by developing active hotlines for reporting various cases involving illegal internet content. Hotlines are important in regulation since they enable the government to identify users who are

Analysis Of Mlk Jrs Letter From Birmingham Jail Religion Essay

Analysis Of Mlk Jrs Letter From Birmingham Jail Religion Essay The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s was a time of great unrest. While the movement was felt across the south, Birmingham, Alabama was known for its unequal treatment of blacks and became the focus of the Civil Rights Movement. Under the leadership of Martin Luther King Jr., president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, African-Americans in Birmingham, began daily demonstrations and sit-ins to protest discrimination at lunch counters and in public facilities. These demonstrations were organized to draw attention to the injustices in the city. The demonstrations resulted in the arrest of protesters, including Martin Luther King. King was arrested in Birmingham after taking part in a peaceful march to draw attention to the way that African-Americans were being treated there, their lack of voter rights, and the extreme injustice they faced in Alabama. King immediately strives to justify the need for nonviolent direct action through his statement, Several months ago the affiliate here in Birmingham asked us to be on call to engage in a nonviolent direct action program if such were deemed necessary. What is direct action? Direct action is a form of political activism which may include sit-ins, strikes, and demonstrations. Kings explanation to the clergymen for protesting segregation began with an explanation of their actions, Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. In this case King was invoking the right of freedom of expression, not only freedom of speech but the freedom to assemble. The clergy and many of the citizens of Birmingham believed the demonstrations, sit-ins, and strikes, considered peaceful by King and his supporters, as a taunting and violation of the segregation laws in place in many of the southern states. Within the first paragraphs of his letter King rebukes the many injustices of his people in Birmingham. King responded with dismay at the clergys reference to him being an outsider. King stated that he had a reason for being in Birmingham and he was not an outsider as the clergymen claimed. He responded with a profound statement, Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds. King explained that his purpose for being in Birmingham was due to the injustices within the city. He continued by comparing himself to the eighth century prophets in that he too was carrying a message the gospel of freedom. King explicitly compared himself to the apostle Paul whose travels were extensive in spreading the gospel of Christ. Just as Paul left Tarsus to spread the gospel of Jesus Christ, King left Atlanta for Birmingham. He claimed that his job as a Christian minister was to attack injustice wherever it appeared. Kings imprisonment could a lso be compared to the imprisonment of Paul. King answered the clergymens allegations that breaking the law was not the way to achieve the results Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. I would agree with St. Augustine that, an unjust law is no law at all. King did not believe that they have broken the law. Kings response to the clergymen was that a law that is not morally sound is not a law. Kings statement supports the conservative theory of the Nature of Law in that law existed before man. The fundamental principles of law are to distinguish between that which is right and that which is wrong. Therefore, laws are made to protect the people not degrade and punish. King defined just and unjust law as follows: A just law is a man made code that squares with the moral law or the law of God. An unjust law is a code that is out of harmony with the moral law. To put it in the terms of St. Thomas Aquinas: An unjust law is a human law that is not rooted in eternal law and natural law. Any law that uplifts human personality is just. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust. King wrote that a law could be just on the surface and unjust in its application. The example given was how he had been arrested on the charge of parading without a permit. He explained that there is nothing wrong in having a law which requires a permit for a parade, but that it becomes unjust when it is used to maintain segregation and to deny citizens their First Amendment privilege. King connected the nonviolent civil disobedience or unjust laws to the revolutionary arguments of Thomas Jefferson. Kings writings include, law and order exist for the purpose of establishing justice, and when they fail in this purpose they become the dangerously structured dams that block the flow of social progress. In the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson argued that governments exist to protect basic human rights, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. King addressed civil disobedience, the active refusal to obey certain laws, demands and commands of a government or of an occupying power without resorting to physical violence, through his example of the refusal of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego to obey the laws of Nebuchadnezzar, on the ground that a higher moral law was at stake. Other examples of civil disobedience were incorporated into the letter. King wrote, civil disobedience was demonstrated by the early Christians who were willing to face lions and the chopping blocks rather than submit to certain unjust laws of the Roman Empire. King understood completely that his audience was not the clergymen alone. So, while appealing to the Christian and Biblical beliefs and principles of the clergy, he included non-Biblical examples of civil disobedience as well Socrates and the Boston Tea Party. King responded to the clergymens accusation that he was an extremist by countering with examples of extremists. King wrote, Was not Jesus an extremist for love: Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you. Amos was an extremist for justice, Let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream.' He continued providing examples of other extremists including the apostle Paul, Martin Luther, Abraham Lincoln, John Bunyan, and Thomas Jefferson. King was concerned with the oppression of the African American. He continued by writing of the yearning for freedom of the African American. He wrote, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the United States Negro is moving with a sense of great urgency toward the promised land of racial justice. Using the analogy of the promise land was not accidental. The promise land was the Israelites land of freedom from their enslavement at the hands of the Egyptians.   King quoted Abraham Lincoln, This nation cannot survive half slave and half free, and Thomas Jefferson, We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Christianity played a major role in Kings response to the clergymen. He shared his disappointment with the church as a whole. King believed that he would find support for the cause of justice within the community of the church. He wrote of the strength of the early Christians and of their rejoicing for being deemed worthy to suffer for what they believed. He also wrote of the weakness of the contemporary church and the concerns he had about Christianity losing its meaning. King was so distraught over the actions of the church that he found himself asking, What kind of people worship here? Who is their God? And, while disappointed, he responded with statements of love and hope. As King concluded his letter he shared his belief that the struggle for freedom would be won, not only in Birmingham but across the nation, because the black mans destiny was tied up with the destiny of America and the goal of America is freedom. Kings letter from the Birmingham jail inspired a national civil rights movement. The goal was to completely end the system of segregation in every aspect of public life (stores, separate bathrooms and drinking fountains, etc.) and in job discrimination. The enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, that banned discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin in employment practices and public accommodations, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 reinforced the guarantees of full citizenship provided under the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments. The passage of these two acts marked the end of the Jim Crow system in the South. The desegregation of public facilities was swiftly implemented. With the enforcement powers of the federal government enhanced, the desegregation of public schools was also initiated.

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The numbers of marine mammals present in waters under the jurisdiction of the United States has fluctuated over the past century. Declines have been credited to various causes, which are a mix of anthropogenic and natural processes. One major cause of marine mammal decline is whaling. Even though this practice has been prohibited, the effects of commercial whaling in the United States can still be seen today. The main whale species affected included North Pacific right whales (Eubalaena japonica), bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus), humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus), and gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus). Sei whales (Balaenoptera borealis) and sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) were exploited in an increased fashion after World War II (Springer et al., 2003). Whaling did not only affect whale populations, but it also affects populations of seals, sea lions, and sea otters. This is hypothesized to be the result of top-down forces from whaling, forcing great whales to shift their food sources to these smaller marine mammals. During the Second World War, whaling of great whales was at its peak. These whales were used for oils for lubricants, food, and other needs of the people of the United States. However, this heavy use of great whale stocks forced killer whales (Orcinus orca) to begin feeding on smaller marine mammals, such as seals, sea lions, and sea otters (Trites et al., 2006). It is also thought that declines in these smaller marine mammals is due to a decline in nutritional limits in their habitats, competition with fisheries, as well as changing climates. The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) has had a slow recovery since the cessation of commercial... ...ws and acts such as the Marine Mammal Protection Act, the Endangered Species Act, Fur Seal Act, Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, and the Coastal Management Act, have all helped to prevent the stocks of these important organisms from declining even further. Even though these have been enacted, the general public still needs to be educated and made aware of the population trends of these animals, as well as their importance to the tropic systems surrounding our coastlines. Many individuals do not realize, for instance, that Sea Otters are a keystone species in kelp bed habitats, and without them, kelp forests would dwindle in numbers and the health of those ecosystems would decline rapidly. Kelp forests provide habitat for over a thousand species of animals, many of which are important for fisheries and without those forests, fish abundance would fall as well.